URINE EXAMINATION macroscopic
Terms of urine samples:
Ø Urine as / random urine (random).Urine when the urine is released each time and not otherwise specified.Sample may dilute, isotonic, or hypertonic and may contain white blood cells, bacteria, and squamous epithelium as contaminants.
Ø Urine morningSample collection on the morning after waking, before eating or swallowing done any liquid.Overnight urine reflects the period of time without fluid intake, so that form elements have concentration.Good morning urine sediment examination and routine examinations and pregnancy tests based on the presence of HCG (human chorionic gonadothropin) in urine.
Ø 24-hour UrineUrine issued for 24 hours continuously and collected in one container.
Microscopic examination URINE

 Terms of urine sediment examination:
Ø fresh urine or urine collected with preservative formalin, because:
Urine sediment elements have not been damaged.
Ø It's best to concentrated urine (urine specific gravity of 1023 or more, the urine was obtained the morning), because:
Urine sediment elements have not been damaged, lysis / broken.
PROTEIN IN URINE EXAMINATION
A. Terms of Urine
a. Urine should be clear and fresh
Reason: If the urine is cloudy then the results of a (+) fake, because the reading of the turbidity that occurs.
b. Urine should be acidic
Reason: - in acid urine protein will be easily settled, so the results of a (-) is false.
B. Reservoirs bottles and equipment must be clean
Reason: if dirty will cause the results of the (+) fake because of cloudiness in the urine.
REDUCTION INSPECTION
A. Terms of Urine
a. Should be fresh
Reason: if the old urine so bacteria will multiply glucose converted to pyruvic acid and lactic acid. And cause the results to be (-) is false.
b. Urine clear
Reason: if the urine is cloudy will mess up, the results of a (+) fake.
c. Urine does not contain high levels of protein
Reason: if the protein will reduce the height so that the examination of this cause (+) false
B. Due to the semi-quantitative readings, then:
Comparison of the urine should be appropriate reagents.
Cause: less reagent led to (+) and the reagent is more cause false (-) is false.
C. Heating the urine should be boiling right:
Because of warming less than 2 minutes cause the actual results (-) is false and heating over 2 minutes causing the (+) fake.
INSPECTION ITEMS ketone
Terms of urine:
Fresh urine: ketone substances has not evaporated.
On examination Gerhart
· The cause of the (+) fake: phenol, salisiat-salisiat, antipyrin sodium carbonate.
· The cause of the (-) is false: phenyl alanine which gives a green color (but the substance is rare).
·
EXAMINATION bilirubin
Terms of samples:
Ø Fresh Urine
bilirubin is not oxidized to biliverdin
Ø Bottle brown urine container
To reduce the oxidation
EXAMINATION Urobilinogen
Terms of samples:
Ø Conditions of urine
A. Fresh urine: Urobilinogen not oxidized to urobilin.
2. Urine with preservative Na2CO3
3. Fresh urine is excreted afternoon
Ø Bottle container of chocolate
To avoid oxidation to urobilin Urobilinogen
The cause of the (-) is false: Urine length: Urobilinogen oxidized to urobilin urobilin thus can not react with Erlich reagent.
The cause of the (+) fake: porfobilinogen
EXAMINATION UROBILIN
Terms of urine samples:
A. fresh urine: Urobilinogen not oxidized to urobilin.
2. Urine old: more meaningful because all Urobilinogen kemukiman is oxidized to urobilin.
Cause of (+) fake: riboflavin, mereurochrom, erytrosin, fluorecein acryflavin eosin.